Search by Police During Investigation; Remand — Procedure When Investigation Cannot Be Completed in 24 Hours
Remand procedure; maximum police custody; default bail if chargesheet not filed within 60/90 days
Legal Commentary
Explanation
Section 167 is among the most litigated provisions in all of Indian criminal law — it governs remand (judicial authorisation of custody beyond 24 hours) and contains the default bail provision that is the arrested person's most powerful liberty protection. The architecture has three layers. First layer — police custody: magistrate can authorise police custody (custody with police for purposes of investigation — interrogation, confrontation) for up to 15 days in total during the entire investigation. After 15 days, the accused must be sent to judicial custody (custody in jail, not police station). This 15-day limit is absolute — police cannot get more police remand even if investigation is incomplete. Second layer — judicial custody: after 15 days police custody, the accused may be kept in judicial remand (jail) while investigation continues. Total custody cannot exceed 60 days (offences below 10 years) or 90 days (offences punishable with 10+ years/life/death). Third layer — default bail (also called statutory bail): if the chargesheet is not filed within 60/90 days, the accused has an indefeasible right to bail — they must be released if they furnish bail. This is the most powerful individual liberty protection in criminal procedure — it creates a hard deadline for police investigation and prevents indefinite pre-trial detention. The default bail right is enforceable the day after the deadline expires — courts cannot ignore it or postpone it. NDPS, UAPA, and some other special acts have modified timelines (often extended to 180 days) — but the default bail principle applies across all.