CRPCSection 165-167Verified

Search by Police During Investigation; Remand — Procedure When Investigation Cannot Be Completed in 24 Hours

Remand procedure; maximum police custody; default bail if chargesheet not filed within 60/90 days

Legal Commentary

Section 167(1): Whenever any person is arrested and detained in custody and it appears that the investigation cannot be completed within the period of twenty-four hours fixed by section 57, and there are grounds for believing that the accusation or information is well-founded, the officer in charge of the police station or the police officer making the investigation if he is not below the rank of sub-inspector shall forthwith transmit to the nearest Judicial Magistrate a copy of the entries in the diary hereinafter prescribed relating to the case, and shall at the same time forward the accused to such Magistrate. Section 167(2): The Magistrate to whom an accused person is forwarded under this section may, whether he has or has not jurisdiction to try the case, from time to time, authorise the detention of the accused in such custody as such Magistrate thinks fit, for a term not exceeding fifteen days in the whole. Section 167(2) proviso: Provided that — (a) the Magistrate may authorise the detention of the accused person, otherwise than in the custody of the police, beyond the period of fifteen days; if he is satisfied that adequate grounds exist for doing so, but no Magistrate shall authorise the detention of the accused person in custody under this section for a total period exceeding — (i) ninety days, where the investigation relates to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term of not less than ten years; (ii) sixty days, where the investigation relates to any other offence. Section 167(2) second proviso: On the expiry of the said period of ninety days, or sixty days, as the case may be, the accused person shall be released on bail if he is prepared to and does furnish bail, and every person released on bail under this sub-section shall be deemed to be released under the provisions of Chapter XXXIII for the purposes of that Chapter.

Explanation

Section 167 is among the most litigated provisions in all of Indian criminal law — it governs remand (judicial authorisation of custody beyond 24 hours) and contains the default bail provision that is the arrested person's most powerful liberty protection. The architecture has three layers. First layer — police custody: magistrate can authorise police custody (custody with police for purposes of investigation — interrogation, confrontation) for up to 15 days in total during the entire investigation. After 15 days, the accused must be sent to judicial custody (custody in jail, not police station). This 15-day limit is absolute — police cannot get more police remand even if investigation is incomplete. Second layer — judicial custody: after 15 days police custody, the accused may be kept in judicial remand (jail) while investigation continues. Total custody cannot exceed 60 days (offences below 10 years) or 90 days (offences punishable with 10+ years/life/death). Third layer — default bail (also called statutory bail): if the chargesheet is not filed within 60/90 days, the accused has an indefeasible right to bail — they must be released if they furnish bail. This is the most powerful individual liberty protection in criminal procedure — it creates a hard deadline for police investigation and prevents indefinite pre-trial detention. The default bail right is enforceable the day after the deadline expires — courts cannot ignore it or postpone it. NDPS, UAPA, and some other special acts have modified timelines (often extended to 180 days) — but the default bail principle applies across all.

Related Topics

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Historical Context

Original Act
Code of Criminal Procedure
Category
CrPC
← All Code of Criminal Procedure Sections